Current Trends in the War on Terror Essay

As the world is cowering in terror from the 9/11 attacks and the bombing incidents in Indonesia and other parts of the world, the world’s attention is shifted now to where the attacks may occur next and what can be done to address the situation. Some suggest that the answer lies in being able to suppress and perhaps eliminate all of the terrorist cells all over the world. The problem there, however, is that any attack that is targeted at eliminating terrorist cells would necessarily involve any host country where they may be located and in any Middle Eastern country, such an attack could prove disastrous (Campbell & Flourney 372). The more practical and ideal solution to this problem therefore lies at a more fundamental level; a more basic level wherein the country has more controls and no international liability (Kochler 37). The solution to this problem is by improving border security in order to prevent the occurrence of these terrorist attacks while the international community seeks for answers to address this problem at a global scale. At this point in time, domestic policies would be the best option in fighting the war against terror. This short discourse will therefore seek to shed light on the issue of terrorism and the crucial role that the border security plays in such. To gain a better understanding of the problem, it is important to first analyze the current trends that have been taken relative to border security to ensure the safety of the public from terrorist attacks. This will then be supplemented by an explanation on how border security can take an even larger role. The most crucial aspect in relation to border security and its role in the war against terror concerns the aviation industry. Since the 9/11 attacks, the public confidence with regard to air travel has greatly been shaken (Taylor 2). The attacks had the effect of sending a message that now, even airplanes could be used as missiles to target buildings regardless of whether there were people on board the aircraft of not. Every plane crash that is reported on the news is suspected to have been caused by a terrorist attack rather than just an equipment malfunction or a pilot error. In response to these attacks, security has been considerably increased in airports all over the world. Every passenger is now subject to a full body search and every hand carried and checked in item is thoroughly inspected for any suspicious objects that can either cause an explosion or aid a hijacker in gaining control over the aircraft (Campbell & Flourney 52). The impact has not been limited to airport security as even airplane manufacturers and airlines have resorted to installing devices and taking precautions with regard to what to do in case an airplane is hijacked. One of the safety measures that have been suggested and is highly debated is the issuing of arms for the pilots so that they may be able to defend themselves against any terrorist hijackers that are able to force themselves into the cockpits (Lott 1). The current controversy with regard to airline security concerns the proposal to equip the pilots of airplanes with weapons in order to protect themselves from any hijackers that manage to enter the cockpit (Taylor 2). This proposal is of course faced with a lot of opposition because of the implications of allowing pilots to be armed in aircrafts. There is a lot of concern with regard to the security of the other passengers on board just in case the armed pilots do decide to turn on the other co-pilots and hijack the aircraft themselves or hold passengers as hostages for whatever purpose. The proponents for arming the pilots argue that it is the best option because the pilots need to defend themselves against the terrorist hijackers (Keeler 151). The problem with this is that it negates the training of the pilots which is that in times such as hijackings they are not supposed to deal with the terrorists but instead secure the cockpit and land the plane as soon as possible (Will 1). The concern here is that the plane should be landed right away in order to protect not only the passengers but also the people on the ground who may become targets or victims as the 9/11 experience has shown. The duty of the pilot is not concern himself with whatever goes on in the cabin but instead make sure that the plane is safely on the ground where there are more units who can deal with the situation properly. Pilots are not adequately trained to deal with hijacking situations in terms of dealing directly with the terrorist hijackers (Will 1). Another argument for the arming of the pilots is that such a measure is only designed to protect the pilots from terrorist hijackers who succeed in gaining entry into the cockpit (3). While there as some merit to this precautionary measure, there is no guarantee that the armed pilots will do just that. There are instances when certain people, pilots included, enter a â€Å"cowboys or renegade† mode (Will 1). Most of the pilots have received a degree of military training as fighter pilots and there is some truth to the profiling of fighter pilots â€Å"live wires and risk-takers† (Will 1). The end result in these situations could be that instead of protecting the cockpit and landing the plane like they are supposed to, a number of these former fighter pilots could engage the terrorist hijackers.

Use & develop system to promote communication

Review the range of groups and Individual whose communication needs must be addressed In own Job role Communication with doctors surgery Is vital & crucial In our setting. Residents' & family alike are dependent on us to Immediately recognize any sign & symptoms of any type of illness. They will be able to recognize an illness if we will be able to give them signs or symptoms of the residents as we are the one who should know them best.To a person who has sensory disability I. E. Somebody who has speech impediment will have difficulty explaining where or what the problem is verbally but because we look after them, we get to recognize the symptoms as it enfolds. Making it easier for the doctor to either write up a prescription or refer to the appropriate professional for further investigation. Residents' continue to require the support of community nurses. Meeting with the community nurses on how to improve the services that residents get to avail of & preventative measures that can b e done In order to avoid future problems.Record keeping & monitoring of residents progress should be available for future reference for continuity of care. Residents & families should have access to a social worker & same goes with managers. Should there be concern's about a family or a resident this should be addressed by having a meeting with them. Evidence's should be available to support the concern that is being addressed to. Members of staff has to know that in the event that they need support on anything, help is available. Trainings should be provided for in order for them to do their job role.There should also be an evaluation on their performance which should be discussed during their supervision with pointers on areas where they should improve on & be given support & motivation when they have done something right. Members of staff should know the importance of confidentiality and be wary In giving out information as It Is only on a need to know basis. Otherwise, breach of confidentiality Is violated & will have a corresponding repercussion. 1. 2 Explain how to support effective communication within own Job roles The role of the manager is to empower and promote the individuals rights.During the pre- assessment you should be able to identify what type of support on the residents' daily living we can be of help in order to promote independence & their dignity intact. Residents thru our help should have access to healthcare professionals so as not to limit their capacity. Involvement & support from families & friends are Important as thru them we will be able to take know the person more & be able to support them In a way familiar to them. If for example a resident suffers from dysphasia working with a speech therapist will do the trick.

New Resources Tax in AUstralia ( MRRT) and it's effects on Australian Essay

New Resources Tax in AUstralia ( MRRT) and it's effects on Australian mining companies - Essay Example The Gillard Government’s proposed resource tax gained high approval from the International Monetary Fund, quoting it as a â€Å"step in the right direction.† Moreover, the MRRT would achieve the nation’s trust for consumption-based taxes and abolish ineffective taxation (Landers 2010). Because the MRRT is liable only to mining companies of iron ore, coal, oil and gas, there will be a reduction of the figure of affected companies from the previous 2,500 taxpayers to approximately 320 (Cherrington 2010). Taxpayers with annual income of no more than $A50 million will be exempted from the MRRT (Minerals Resource Rent Tax Regime n.d.) -The proposed MRRT promises an optimistic stride for mining investments in Australia. It offers a better guarantee for up-and-coming mining ventures, particularly those in the non-production of iron ore, coal, oil and gas. -For companies in mining ventures, the determination of taxable resource and revenues will be based solely on the nearest point to extraction as possible. This change would not deter the companies from their capital cost recovery and internal return rate. -The key adjustments from RSPT to MRRT in tax rates, particularly the 40% tax reduced to 22.5% rate and the resulting beneficial impacts on the projected efficient tax rates is forecasted to boost global competitiveness (Minerals Resource Rent Tax replaces RSPT 2010). The three pioneer mining companies in Australia: BHP, Rio Tinto and Xstrata equally agreed on a non-permission of the Australian tax to implement a target that could impact their multi-national operations. Their joint apprehensions over fluctuation on international shares and financial markets, whereupon loans are made to fund their projects, strengthened their vigilance on impending tax hikes by the government (Head 2010). The government negotiated exclusively with the

Willy from Death of a Salesman, and Hickey from The Iceman Cometh Essay

Willy from Death of a Salesman, and Hickey from The Iceman Cometh - Essay Example Willy becomes entrenched in a quagmire of lies, delusions and self-deception, which ultimately leads him to commit suicide. Theodore Hickman (Hickey), the principal character in Eugene O’Neill’s â€Å"The Iceman Cometh† is a smooth-talking salesman. He comes to Harry Hope’s saloon preaching the gospel of salvation, exhorting his drunken friends to divest themselves of their â€Å"pipe dreams† of tomorrow and make peace with themselves. Hickey’s murder of the tomorrow dreams will bring ruin to the bar, thus Hickey’s advent is the advent of the â€Å"Iceman† or Death. We learn later that Hickey has brought death to his own house, murdering his wife. When he confesses to the murder, Hickey’s gospel of salvation reveals itself as its own pipe dream, a delusion that lets him evade his guilt over his crime. While both characters are salesmen, they differ in temperament and outlook. Willy Loman is an insecure, self-deluded salesman who desperately believes in the American Dream but never achieves it. The fact that he uses gardening as a metaphor for success and failure indicates that he subconsciously acknowledges that his chosen profession is a poor choice, given his natural inclinations (Willy tells Stanley in Act II: â€Å"Nothing’s planted. I don’t have a thing in the ground.†). Here, the garden functions as a substitute for his failed career and his son Biff’s wayward career. Willy Loman is a dreamer, dreaming of a better life as promised by the American Dream. He dreams about being a super salesman like his hero Dave Singleman, a mythic salesman who achieved great fame and popularity. Willy visualizes having people remember and love him, considering it the ultimate satisfaction (Willy tells Howard Wagner in Act II: â€Å"And when I saw that, I realized that selling was the greatest career a man could want. ‘Cause what could be more satisfying than to be able to go, at the age of

Business risk innovation and change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business risk innovation and change - Assignment Example This model is based on five critical elements (strategy, structure, process, information technology, people and culture) that can be used by the management ensure that its change initiatives are driven by its strategy (Hoogendoorn, Jonker, Schut &Treur, 2007, p157). The failure by The Corporation to adopt an Expert system can be attributed to failure of the management to focus on three important elements of the organization, which include people, strategy, process and structure. For instance, the organization lacked the right people in the management to promote the project after the two major champions left the organization. Additionally the structure of the organization did not address the issue of power and authority with respect implementation of the expert system project. The Marvin Weisbord Six-Box Organizational Model one can certainly establish the extent to which the management of The Corporation failed in promoting adoption of the Expert system technology (Shapiro, 2010, p16 8). Six-Box Organizational Model is based on six important elements namely: Purposes, structure, relationships, rewards, leadership and helpful mechanism (Raoprasert & Islam, 2010, p47). These elements highly emphasize on a number of organization issues, which include incentives and rewards, internal competition within the organization, organization control, accountability as well as hierarchies (Paton & Mccalman, 2009, p55). From the case study, it is evident that the management failed on four most important elements namely structure, leadership, helpful mechanism and rewards. For instance, the project lacked serious leadership as two key champions - the vice president of development and chief information officer (CIO) left the organization even before the project began and their successors were never committed to the success of the project. Furthermore, majority of the top managers did not honor invitation to meetings set to discuss final approval of the project. John Kotterâ€⠄¢s eight-step change model proposes steps that can bring about lasting transformation through power and motivation adequate enough to mitigate dissent (Kotter & Cohen, 2002, p18). Kotter’s ideology is based on the belief that successful change comes through talking to people’s feelings, commitment and sense of urgency. The proposed 8-steps by Kotter include increase sense of urgency, building the leading team, develop the vision, communicate the vision, empower action, develop short term gains, consolidate gains, and finally anchor new and winning approaches in the culture (Sabri, Gupta & Beitler, 2007, p176). Based on the Kotter’s eight-step change model it is evident that failure of The Corporation to adopt an expert system was a management fault as there was no commitment, stakeholders engagement, strong leadership, and sense of urgency. For instance, after the Tow top pioneers left the organization the project lack strong leadership as new executives were n ever interested in the project. Additionally there was no sense of urgency on the part of the new executives considering that all the meetings that were often scheduled to discuss implementation of the project were never attended by executives. 1. Dunford, Akin and Palmer propose six perspectives Dunford, Akin and Palmer came up with six perspectives of managing change to help managers remain focused

General Functions of Management As They Related To Project Management Essay - 9

General Functions of Management As They Related To Project Management - Essay Example The researcher states that the management is involved in the project planning which includes listing all the project activities and tasks including the time taken and the relationships between the tasks. Project management can be defined the discipline which is involved in planning, organizing, leading and controlling resources in the achievement of specific goals. Project management steps include planning, organizing, project initiation, project monitoring and control and the project closure. Project managers are concerned by the project constraints which include people, time and money resource constraints. The general functions of management are applied in the successful management of projects. The management should be involved in the planning phase by establishing project plans of action which are either short term, medium term or long term. Project management also involves organization of the project resources mainly the human resources. Project manager assigns the roles and resp onsibilities to different personnel involved in the project and also delegate the authority. Just like general management, project managers have a leading function whereby they are supposed to motivate, coordinate and communicate with the project employees to ensure the project goals are achieved effectively. Project managers also control the project progress by reviewing and monitoring the project progress against the project plans and taking the necessary corrective action where deviations exist. Some of the main concerns of management include identification of the stakeholder interests and expected outcomes since numerous users of the project have different needs. Another main concern of the management is the project constraints. The main constraints include time, finances and scope hence altering one constrain will impact on the rest. If the project manager reduces the completion time, additional resources will be required to meet the new project schedule.

Literature review on a particular aspect of health psychology Essay

Literature review on a particular aspect of health psychology - Essay Example Another eating disorder emerged, however, towards the end of the 1970s, when there were reports of an increasing number of adolescents who indulged in overeating, followed immediately by induced vomiting. This disorder was first named ‘bulimarexia’ (Ibid), as it shared some similar features with those suffering from anorexia nervosa. It was in 1979 when the term ‘bulimia nervosa’ was introduced by a London psychiatrist, Professor Gerald Russell in a seminal paper which he published in the psychiatric journal Psychological Medicine (Abraham, 2008). Bulimia means ‘to eat like an ox† (Abraham, 2008). Professor Russell described 40% of his patients suffering from a clinical condition as that of ‘an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa†, a disorder he termed ‘bulimia nervosa’. He explained that these groups of people periodically went on eating binges, while at the same time adopted extreme measures like induced vomiting to prevent themselves from becoming fat (Abraham, 2008; Cooper, 2009). In his paper, he proposed three definitions for bulimia nervosa: 1) powerful and intractable urges to overeat; 2) attempts to avoid the ‘fattening’ effects of food by inducing vomiting, abusing purgatives, or both; and 3) a morbid fear of fatness (Cooper, 2009). His definitions set a trend over the next few years, as clinicians and researchers used them as guidelines in identifying people with bulimia nervosa. The criteria for recognizing the onset of the disorder, however, became the subject of much debate as to how widespread bulimia nervosa was. In 1994, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), published by the American Psychiatric Association, provided some guidelines which has since then been widely accepted by mental health professionals (Schulherr, 2008). Some of these included episodes of binge-eating and purging, characterized by the person’s

Compare ICD-9 to ICD-10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compare ICD-9 to ICD-10 - Assignment Example There are instances where new codes have been allocated to different chapters, a factor that hinders location of all available codes. In contrast, the new edition is arranged in such a manner that character length is increased, which highly extends the quantity of available codes (Lazakidou, 2006). Its structure, flexibility, and capacity are up-to-date to capture the medical experience and technological advances. The content conveyed by the two codes is dissimilar. ICD-9 codes contain at least 3-5 digits that begin with either a letter or a number. ICD-10 codes comprise of seven digits. Some similarities can be identified in the two systems. Their organization tends to match, where both use a decimal after three characters. This means that anyone who is able to code ICD-9-CM qualifies to make a transition coding to ICD-10-CM. According to Lazakidou, the rules, conventions, and guidelines are also alike. The first three digits match with the ICD-9 code, with the third digit being followed by a decimal point. However, the digits after the decimal have a particular meaning. For instance, in surgical and medical guidelines, the digits that come later are specific to a surgical approach, body part, and other requirements for billing. Correspondingly, the ICD-10 codes follow suit with seven digits to represent diagnosis codes. The transition procedure from ICD-9 to ICD-10 will entail a conversion based on a forward and backward GEMs map offered by the CMS. There will be a process with one cluster being converted at a time to safeguard the clinical aim of the classification. Alternatively, codes may be transited through using consistent probability distribution, and the converted data be audited to validate the process (Lazakidou, 2006). ICD-9 and ICD-10 differ in sequencing, depending on the circumstances surrounding the encounter. For instance, it is notable that ICD-10 sequencing instructions for anemia

Coca Cola Crisis Case in 1999 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Coca Cola Crisis Case in 1999 - Essay Example Despite the success and growth of Coca Cola, there have been different problems that have arisen over time. One of the problems that occurred was in 1999, when products sold in Europe, specifically in Belgium, led to several children getting sick as a result from drinking Coca Cola products. This paper will examine the basic background of the crisis, what went wrong with Coca Cola and how the company had to recover from the position. Specifically, there will be an analysis of the social and economic implications of the time which changed the attitudes toward the Coca Cola beverages and which led to the crisis. There will also be an evaluation of the several theories that caused the reaction from society. The paper will then recommend ways in which Coca Cola could have prevented this crisis from occurring and other actions that could have been taken to change immediate responses to avoid similar difficulties in the future. The 1999 Coca Cola crisis was preceded by a number of developments. Coca Cola began with a mixture of water and syrup or sugar that was added as a bottled product. This beverage was used specifically as a snack type of beverage aimed at children and youth. After 1892, the beverage grew from a product and into a business, which was incorporated by Asa Candler. The company quickly grew into a regional then national business in the US. By the 1920s, the beverage had expanded into various regions of the world and began to emerge as one of the most popular brands and drinks. By the 1940s, Coca Cola was offered as a beverage in conjunction with the company’s sponsorship of events such as the Olympics, which added to its continuous growth and success. The market and brand of Coca Cola, until the mid – 1980s, was incorporated into a signature drink for political and social movements. Sponsoring events and specialized advertising campaigns that were related to concepts

Globalization and Diversity and Its Effects on Organizational Behavior Essay

Globalization and Diversity and Its Effects on Organizational Behavior - Essay Example The main person responsible for coining the term globalization is considered to be Theodore Levitt. With the passage of time, the phenomenon has grown at a steady rate whereby the setting under which it is held is one that focuses on the global patterns related to the sociological findings. (Aase, 2004)The aspect of whether or not globalization is a newer form of western imperialism is manifested in the definition of the same word. Globalization, for that matter, is remarked as Internationalization since the nature of the two terms is on a worldwide scale more than anything else. West tries to exploit the basis of globalization which the third world countries could bring to the benefit of the developed nations. However, on the part of the two terms, the one thing common, however, is the fact that these have identified themselves well with the changing (and growing) trends, where most of these are credited on the shoulders of the World War II, after which there has been a resurgent ra t race nonetheless. Globalization is a phenomenon and it is one that is here to stay for long. The world has become a global village due to globalization and it is a good omen if seen in the proper perspectives. The impact of demographic diversities in a group means that more efforts are needed to be put in place so that each of the group members knows what his or her duty is and whether this person is communicated about the roles that are asked of him or her, both in the short term as well as the long run.

Journey to the West Essay Example for Free

Journey to the West Essay Growing up, we all had our favorite stories. My personal favorite was the Harry Potter series; I spent hours and hours immersed in those books. For a lot of Chinese children however, the story they grew up with was called Journey to the West, or XiYouJi. This story was written by Wu Cheng’en, an author who lived during the 16th century in the Ming dynasty. A very famous piece of literature, it is considered one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese Literature. The novel starts by telling the story of SunWuKong, who was born from a rock. He went on to learn 72 polymorphic transformations and becomes super powerful, powerful enough to challenge the Taoist Gods. The story goes on to tell about SunWuKong’s great rebellion against heaven, where he basically goes around and beats up everyone in the sky by himself. Eventually however, his arrogance leads to his downfall, and the Buddha manages to trap him under a mountain for five hundred years. The story then jumps to the introduction of Tang XuanZang, who is instructed by the Gods to go east to India on a pilgrimage and retrieve the Buddhist Sutras. After setting out on his journey, Xuan Zang bumps into SunWuKong who is still trapped under a mountain. With the help from the gods, Xuan Zang frees SunWuKong and takes him on as a disciple. He also meets a pig named ZhuBaJie and an ogre named ShaWuJing. Together, the 4 of them walk west towards their eventual goal of LeiYingSi. Along the way, they encounter nine thousand nine hundred eighty one hardships, including crossing treacherous rivers, fighting off monsters who want to eat XuanZang, and battling through a mountain of fire. The majority of the book describes their journey from the Tang Capitol, all the way to LeiYingSi. Once they arrive at their destination, they retrieve the sutras and return to China.

RJR Nabisco Case Study Essay Example for Free

RJR Nabisco Case Study Essay Executive Summary The RJR Nabisco case study was used to implement concepts that I have learned in class during the semester and apply it to the real world. The Nabisco case allowed me to develop my skills by using an Excel Worksheet, understanding how to calculate the fair value price per share, and determining the fair value price per share by changing the tax rate and growth rate. First, I was expected to construct an Excel Worksheet. Using the given data and analyzing the case, I was able to find all of the fixed variables needed in the Excel Worksheet. Using these fixed variables, I was able to use my prior skills in Excel to construct equations to find the dependent variables, such as the fair value price per share. This case also helped me develop my skills in calculating the fair value price per share. Using the different variables given in this case, I was able to use equations to find the best estimate for the fair value price per share of RJR Nabisco. The third benefit I gained from this assignment was how the tax rate and growth rate affected the fair value price per share. Using the previous data and the reusable Excel Sheet, I was able to find the changes in the fair value price per share due to changes in the tax and growth rate. Overall, the RJR Nabisco case helped me develop my skills in using Excel Worksheets. It also let me apply what I have learned in class about calculating the fair value price per share, and allowed me to experience it in a more realistic setting. I was also able to see how changes in the tax rate and growth rate affect the fair value price per share. 1. Construct a reusable Excel sheet that computes the fair value per share using the information given in the case. Please make sure that your Excel sheet can closely approximate the value per share given in the case (~$108). I was able to construct an Excel Worksheet (see page 5) that was able to use the information given in the RJR Nabisco Case Study. I was able to make it using different variables that would allow me to change the tax rate and  growth rate to get the next two answers. 2. In your Excel sheet, change the input cell for tax rate to 15%. What is the new fair value per share? By changing the tax rate to 15%, it causes the price per share to increase to $123.19 3. Change the tax rate back to 34% and this time change the perpetual growth rate to 5%. What is the new fair value per share? By changing the tax rate back to 34% and moving the growth rate up to 5%, it causes the price per share to increase to $125.14.

Reflection on a Clinical Experience on Staffing Challenge

Reflection on a Clinical Experience on Staffing Challenge Description. As a requirement of my nursing course, am writing an essay on an incident that happened during my clinical experience. This was in a Tier 4 public hospital which serves a whole county within the republic in a densely populated area that has a population of 10 million people as per the latest censes of 2009. It also serves the neighboring counties. It has all the prescribed services of a tier 4 hospital apart from an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and a Renal Unit of which those requiring this service are referred to the country’s National Hospital and are escorted by the nurses on duty. I reported to work one Saturday, a day after reporting in this institution for very first time on rotation as per the nursing council requirement as partial fulfillment for the nursing degree course, in a medical ward that had seventy two inpatients the previous day. To receive us was the night duty staff who confirmed that there were only two of us to man the ward, a resident nurse and I. As the report was being read, I noted that two patients were waiting for blood transfusion and still others needed to be assisted with activities of daily living, and at the same time it was reported from the outpatient department (OPD), that we prepare beds to receive patients from them. After the report, those on night duty left and the resident nurse allocated the duties. She assigned me to administer medication, while she takes care of all the other duties. I asked her how this was possible of which she replied calmly and confidently that on this day, we were â€Å"overstaffed† as most times during the weekend only one nursing staff reports and that everything was going to be just fine. She was happy to have me around! I managed to quickly mentally adjust to this new and unfamiliar setting and hoped for the best. We started off by assisting those that required assistance in activities of daily living and tidying up the ward and then I immediately started off with the drug round alone. Almost half of the patients were on injectable medication meaning that I had to take time to restitute and calculate the doses as prescribed, taking care of infection prevention. The administration of drugs took too long noting that those that had a prescription of eight hourly administration of drugs as per this particular institution should get their doses between 9am and 10am but by the time I was through, it was almost 12.30pm meaning that those that got drugs after 11am were two hours late yet it was the best I could do given the circumstances as the resident nurse was busy with new admissions and attending to those that had been discharged as relatives complained of being kept too long before being attended too. Feelings As the report was being read, I was wondering how the two of us were meant to handle all the patients efficiently and effectively in relation to patient care outcome, not mentioning that we were also meant to admit those who would present during the day. Were we going to be timely in administering drugs? How would we handle an emergency arising in the midst of all the procedures awaiting us? How could the nurse manager leave and be settled wherever she was with such a situation in the ward? As a nurse, am aware that quality of care is more important than quantity yet these two should go hand in hand for positive productivity to be felt. Here I felt that the nurse manager had not forecasted on the staffing requirement for the unit which ought to be as indicated by the following, states, Nursing staffing methodology should be an orderly, systematic process, based upon sound rationale, applied to determine the number and kind of nursing personnel required to provide nursing care of a predetermined standard to a group of patients in a particular setting. The end result is a prediction of the kind and number of staff required to give care to patients (Adelotte Rousell, 2009). When learning as a student it was made clear that two nurses should be assigned administration of drugs as a team so as to counter check on the same and as per the Kenya Nursing Council Procedure Manual 2010. Also with the blood transfusion pending procedure, two nurses were required. I felt very inadequate and unprepared to face the day partly because I had not fully familiarized with these new environment and to me, this was a very big institution to be have had such a noticeable shortage of nursing staff. This is in reference to this institutions mission that reads ‘ To Promote And Provide Quality Curative, Preventive And Rehabilitative Health Services for All Kenyans’ making me feel that the organization in this unit did not put into consideration quality of service but rather left it to fete. According to Rousell (2009), ‘organizations exist to bring people and material to accomplish the work of the organization which should also allow for personal adjustment’, which to me did not seem to be observed as this was my second day in the said hospital. I feared that I would not deliver quality services and that the patients would find fault in me as I felt I would keep on enquiring from the resident nurse on areas that I was not certain. Evaluation What was positive about this situation is that I worked with what I had, here meaning limited consultation. The resident nurse was very supportive with excellent interpersonal communication skills as she treated me with respect and as her equal, and provided me with a brief orientation on how to go about it, giving me confidence to take up the task with ease. I took it positively and interacted with patients very comfortably and at the end of it all I enjoyed my achievement and felt secure to undergo the same task should it so arise. Good communication skills are essential in mentoring new staff as well as goes a long way in removing barriers and obstacles to effective teamwork (Gullatte, 2011). This was what motivated me to carry on with the assigned activity without complaining. The nurse delegated this task to me which is an efficient time management tool and made me comfortable by reassuring me that she would be accountable and responsible to everything that I did and that she would be present in the ward in case of anything. I learnt that self-confidence coupled with a pleasant confident manager is in itself very motivating and felt I would use this skill in future. The patients were very relaxed and some going out of their way to assist me lift those that needed a little help as they took their medication. It made me realize how passionate patients can be once they stay and get to know one another and that they feel helpful once they are allowed to assist. What was negative is that it took too long to accomplish one assignment and that almost three quarters of the patients got their treatment late and did not raise a voice, maybe because they do not know of the right to timely services or are too intimidated to do so. This to me was an ethical issue that needed to be addressed as the full benefit of medication was compromised as a direct result of understaffing. One of the ethical issues in nursing is distributive justice meaning giving a person that which is deserved (Sullivan Decker, 2007). They did not deserve to get medication late. Goal setting for both long and short term are stated in terms of what the patient and the nurse will accomplish providing direction and vision for actions and time frames (WHO, 2010). This to me had not been factored in as the duties were being prepared which left room for risks arising that would cost the patients a lot in terms of long recovery time plus maybe subject them to long hospital stay. This hospital is a teaching institution whereby nursing and other health service providing students come for practice and internship during the weekdays and I could not understand why all the students in all the basic schools are allowed weekend offs. To the best of my understanding, this was the best time to introduce students to the unique working times of health care workers as health issues are not regulated by the time of the day but rather by the demand of the services. I am looking at an opportunity of balancing students throughout the week in contrast to allowing them to overcrowd specific days as had been the case the previous day and overworking the resident nurse over the weekend. I feel that this would have eased the burden had students been allocated weekends as part of their training. I strongly agree that, Addressing the nursing shortage requires a response to the total number of nurses but also the level of nurse’s education due to the fast growing demand and complex patient care, technologies, and a widening scope of knowledge and expertise (McHugh, 2010). Conclusion At the end of the day I was left with mixed feelings on one hand that I had provided services to the best of my ability given the prevailing constraints, and on the other, that the patients didn’t get the kind of quality care meant to be rendered due to staffing shortage. I feel that since decision making is a key function in management, this institution, should as a temporary measure incorporate students in rendering services during the weekends under supervision as happens during weekdays starting off with simple tasks and scaling up responsibilities as they gain confidence. I feel that the nurse managers and the administration ought to call in the policy makers in this county with a well-defined document ,in it the international standards of staffing as per the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations in the Workload Indicators Staffing Needs (WISN), It is a method of human resource management tool that provides health managers with a systematic way to make staffing decisions In order to manage human resource well and is based on health workers workload with activity (time) standards applied for each workload component (WHO,2010). The manager should at this sitting have found out the external standards of nursing as developed by non-nurses here meaning the county government in question as I believe they also do have expected practice by the same. This is in confirmation by Burkhardt Nathaniel,( 2008) who have demonstrated that ‘External standards of nursing standards are guides for nursing developed by the government or institutions describing expectations of agencies or groups that utilize services for nurses’. This could go a long way in advocating for hiring of more nurses and is a better platform to effecting productive changes in the running of health services than the industrial actions that nurses undertake due to frustrations other than strikes. According to Rousell (2009), ‘There is strong evidence that adequate number of nursing staff available to care for and coordinate care among the disciplines has an impact on patient outcomes. I want to acknowledge here that from accounts from fellow colleagues, nursing shortage is felt in most institutions but this particular experience was almost horrifying. Action The action plan for me and the entire team is to acquire the WHO, WISN manual and use this tool to make a workable staffing outline and call in the county health committee and present our findings in comparison with the actual on the ground and help make recommendations so that as the policy makers budget for the next financial year, they be advised by this document which will have been prepared by the stakeholders in addition to re- distributing student nurses throughout the week. Reference Burkhardt, M.A, Nathaniel, A.K. (2008).Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing. (3rd ed.).United Kingdom: Delmar. Gullatte, M, M. (2011), Nursing Management Principles and Practice (2nd ed), ONS: Atlanta McHugh, D. (2010), Hospital Staffing and Public Health Emergency Preparedness; Implications for Policy; DOI; 10 111/J 1525-1446.2010.00877X Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc 2998349 Tomey, A, M (2009), Nursing Management and Leadership (8th ed): Mosby, Indiana. WHO, (2010). Workload Indicators of Staffing Needs (WISN), ISBN: ISBN 978 92 4 1500197.

Secondhand Smoke Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

Thesis: Smokers usually move through five stages to quit smoking, and non-smokers have to help them constantly and carefully. Credibility Statement: In high school health class, we have been taught about how smoking cigarettes affects our body. But my school had a different program compared to other schools. There was study session only for cigarette smokers. I took the session for a semester and learned a lot more than I used to know about smoking cigarettes. Also I have helped my friends to quit smoking with the knowledge I have been taught. Audience Relevancy Statement: I believe this topic is relevant to the audience, because some of classmates may have parents who smoke, or some friends who smoke. They may want to help those smokers to quit, but they do not really know what to do for helping them to quit smoking. This is going to be a good chance to learn how to help quitting smoking to both smoker and non-smoker. Attention Gather: (Showing calculation of money save by quitting smoking) It would give an idea to audience how much money people spend on cigarettes for their lifetime. Introduction I. Quitting smoking saves more than your money. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It saves your health and your healthy life. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your body functions better without smoking. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It reduces your risk of getting cancer. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It provides more benefits to other people around you. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  &...

The Economy and SUVs Essay examples -- essays research papers

SUV’s have become the center of a large controversy in the last couple of years. Many studies have been conducted on the relation to the economy and the popularity of the SUV. The sport utility vehicle not only affects the economy with its gas-guzzling capabilities during a time of war, but with the safety questions that have continued to arise. â€Å"Automobiles have a large impact on the quality of our environment and public health. Automobile use affects virtually every aspect of environmental quality - including noise levels, air quality, water pollution, and urban sprawl. Ninety percent of the environmental impact of automobiles occurs through the operation of the cars: about 10 percent from the production, raw materials and disposal of automobiles. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Federal law permits Sport Utility Vehicles to waste 33 percent more gasoline than passenger cars. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SUVs can spew 30 percent more carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons and 75 percent more nitrogen oxides than passenger cars. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since 1990, the inefficiency of light trucks (including SUVs) have led to Americans wasting an extra 70 billion gallons of gasoline. â€Å" SUV’s burn more gas and spew out more pollution. Many of the big SUV’s pollute three times as much as cars, which greatly contributes to climate change and smog. But for many of us, it is difficult to connect our actions at the gas pump with the temperature outside or with the quality o...

Disentangling Genres Essay -- Literature Essays Literary Criticism

  Ã‚  Ã‚   When asked to explain what distinguishes one literary genre from another, aficionados of a particular genre sometimes answer, "I know it when I see it." It may be true that some devotees develop a sixth sense in identifying a literary work as belonging to a specific genre. However, uncommunicated intuitive knowledge does little to either define relatively new or fledgling genres, or distinguish   break- away genres, such as exploration and science fiction from the similar or closely related "parent" genres of travel and adventure, and fantasy, respectively.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The better defined a genre, the less likely a reader will be to mistake one genre for another and the more likely a selection will match a person's expectations. However, the age old literary function of genre, to provide an interpretive framework for readers, is sometimes secondary to the business imperative that a text be marketed in the most profitable manner. Since some genres have a higher readership than other, publishers may have a   financial motivation for marketing a novel in a particular genre although readers may be mislead.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To increase interest, authors also frequently write books which exploit public interest or current trends.   Edgar Allan Poe's only novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, capitalizes on the recent expeditions to the South Pole. However, the novel's journey and destination are largely superfluous to the action of the plot.   The story is a suspenseful fantasy of dark visions, darker actions and ghostly visitations from the living dead. Although some readers and critics consider it a science fiction novel, Pym is primarily a compilation of the many gothic plot devices of Poe's short... ...orks Cited Abrahams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Ft. Worth TX: harcourt,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brace College Publishers, 1999. Aldiss, Brian and Wingrove, David. The Trillion Year Spree.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Poughkeepsie,   NY: House of Stratus, 2001. Disch, Thomas M. The Dreams Our Stuff is Made Of.NY, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2000. Freedman, Car. Critical Theory and Science Fiction. Hanover, NH: UP of New England, 2000. "Macpherson, James."   E-Library. 1.2 (2002 ): Online. Internet. 14   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April 2002  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/M/MacphersJ.asp Mann, George. The Mammoth Encyclopedia. NY,NY: Carrol and Graf, 2001. Nelson, Brain R. Western Political Thought. Inglewood Cliffs NJ:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prentice-Hall,1982. White, Craig. Syllabus LITR5738:Literature of Space and Exploration    ts. University of Houston Clear Lake. Houston TX.   

Cognitive Development

Abstract This report looks at cognitive development of an adolescent through the use of Piaget’s pendulum task, and aims to assess the level of cognitive development with comparison to literature in the field and furthermore provide suggestions of how a teacher could enhance the subjects learning in one key learning area. Pieget’s studies have been based around cognitive development. The development has 4 major stages. Each stage enables the person to develop ways of knowing. This report concentrates on the fourth stage, the formal operational stage. Critics of Piaget’s work are looked at and ideas such as learning, mentors and structures are looked at. It was found that while the results of previous Piaget’s tests were replicated, the observations suggest that the results can not be assessed through Piaget’s work alone. Furthermore, to enhance the learning of the subject it was found that the NSW geography curriculum has the potential with appropriate teacher stimulus to adequately provide for the student, although literacy could be focused upon. Introduction This report looks at cognitive development through the use of Piaget’s pendulum task. The pendulum task asks a person to figure out the variable that makes the pendulum swing faster, that is, increase the frequency. The way in which someone goes about the task is supposed to give an insight into the person’s level of cognitive development. Fundamental to Piaget’s work is that the brain and the environment interact in producing cognitive development, and that this development can be broken up into four major stages (Gleitman, 1995). Berger (1998) in review of Pieget (1952, 1970) states that these stages are age related, in that children generally reach each stage within a particular age range in sequence. As a child enters into each stage they develop new ways of knowing and understanding (new ways of gathering intelligence) as defined by the boundaries of that stage. In respect to the age of the student that undertook the pendulum task it is the fourth stage (the last stage) of Piaget’s cognitive development (Inhelder, B. Piaget, J 1958) that will be looked at. Berger (1998) summarises the fourth stage, the ‘formal operational stage’, as developing from 11-12 years old through to adulthood and is ‘characterised by hypothetical, logical, and abstract thought’ (Berger, 1998, p. 1). Piaget’s studies by focusing on mental processors and structures of thought has led to a large body of work which has provided insight into the way that we understand certain aspects of human behaviour, for ‘we now have a greater appreciation of the capacities and limitations of the types of thinking that are possible at various ages’ (Berger, 1998, p. 41) . As such this has greatly influenced educators in seeking â€Å"explanations for the difficulties encountered by the students in learning and as a basis for the design of more effective instruction’ (Adey, Shayer, 1993, p. 1). For example, a major research topic was whether or not the development of cognition could be accelerated. Adey and Shayer, (1993) found that cognitive development could be accelerated and that the effects could be long term (Adey and Shayer, 1993, pp. 26-27). Furthermore, Adey and Shayer (1993) cite work by Hallam, (1967) and Jurd (1973) who found the notion of concrete (the third stage) and formal operations can be applied to history, and that Fusco (1983) found that it could be fully applied in the context of English comprehension and social studies (Adey, Shayer, 1993, pp. 26-27). Thus, while Piaget’s studies on cognitive development have made a major contribution to knowledge in the field, his work has also led to a large body of criticism. Berger (1998, p. 45) suggests that many people think Piaget ‘underestimated the importance of external motivation and instruction†¦the role of society and home in fostering cognitive development (Berger, 1998, p. 45). Whereas socio-cultural theory ‘seeks to explain the growth of individual knowledge and competencies in terms of guidance, support, and structure provided by the broader cultural context’ (Berger, 1998, p. 6). For instance, Vygotsky, (1978) (cited in Bergman, 1998) thought that the development of cognitive competencies was from ‘the interaction between novices and more skilled members of the society, acting as tutors or mentors, in a process called an (Berger, 1998, p. 47) â€Å"apprenticeship in thinking† (Rogoff, 1990 cited in Berger, 1998). In addition, Flavell (1 985 cited in Gleitman, 1995, p. 521) suggests that evidence shows a child’s mental growth is more a sequence rather then proceeding in simple stages. Thus, this report through the use of the pendulum task will aim to: †¢ identify one students level of cognitive development who is 11-14 years old †¢ to compare and contrast the results with existing theory and research †¢ suggest how a teacher can best meet this child’s developmental needs in one key learning area. Method Participant There was only one person studied for the purpose of this report. The subject was male. He was 12 years and 4 months old. The subject was born in China in moved to Australia when he was 2. The subject speaks a Chinese language at home and English would be classed as the subjects second language. The subject is in year 7 at school and attends a school in the Sydney metropolitan area. He is not from a disadvantaged background. The subject was nervous before the task but settled down reasonably quickly. Procedure The study was carried out in the subject’s parent’s home. Informed consent was asked from the mother of the subject, a consent form was signed. At this stage confidentiality was ensured to both the mother and the subject and the reasons for the research were explained. A pendulum was made out of varying lengths of string and different weights. A frame supported the pendulum. There were 3 different sizes and lengths of weights and strings. The height and the force at which the pendulum could be released could also be varied by the subject. A pen, paper and stop-watch was provided to the subject. A video camera was placed a few meters away from the pendulum to record the procedure. The subject was asked to use the pendulum to find out what makes it swing faster, that is swing more times in a shorter space of time. The subject was told that they could use the different lengths of string or different weights and could use the pen, paper and watch. The subject then proceeds to go on with the experiment until they are happy with their results. A transcript of the recording is in appendix A Results To assess the subjects level of cognitive development the subjects actions were observed and analysised to see if they correspond with any of Piaget’s stages of development. Perhaps the most fundamental aspect of the analysis was that the subject already knew the answer to the problem, for example: Researcher: â€Å"Your job is to figure out what makes it swing faster† Subject: â€Å"The length of the string† Researcher: â€Å"How do you know that? † Subject: â€Å"I don’t really know, don’t know† Researcher: â€Å"Do you want to test it anyway† Subject: â€Å"Yes† Thus, the subject started with the longest string, heaviest weight and recorded the findings on a piece of paper. Then proceeded to use the same weight but the middle length string and then the shortest string, recording the results and time each swing (see table below). Longest 0. 86 Middle 0. 54 Shortest 0. 16 The subject was asked if he wanted to try different weights and the subject said â€Å"no, because it is the same, it is the same with any weight†. The subject was asked if he had learnt that at school and he was not sure. From analysis of these results it can be seen that the subject had some prior knowledge. Due to this he used logically experimentation through the use of isolating the variable to the length of string to determine whether he was right or not. The subject did not want to check the other variable of weight or height as he was sure it was length of string. As such hypothetical reasoning was also shown in the subject’s assurance that it was the string and not the weights that affected the frequency of the string. Discussion and Conclusion The aim of this report was to determine the level of cognitive development of a child between the ages of 11 and 14 years using Piaget’s pendulum task and then suggest how a teacher can best meet this child’s developmental needs in one key learning area. It was found that the subject displayed signs of hypothetical and logical thinking, both are attributes of a person of his age and at the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ‘formal operations stage’. Thus, the results of Inhelder and Piaget’s (1958) studies and later studies were replicated. In relation to whether the development was in sequence as Flavell (1985 cited in Gleitman, 1995, p. 521) suggests, the fact that there was prior knowledge could cast doubt on the stages theory as it would suggest that performance in these tasks are made up of more then the ability to logically reason. Furthermore, the experiment being greatly influenced by the fact that the subject already thought he new the answer to the problem when the task was initiated opens up ideas on accelerated cognitive development and the debate between Piaget and his theories and the social and instructional theorists. For example, Siegler, Liebert and Liebert (1973) found that concrete operational attributes could be taught to younger adolescences. Thus, the subject being of boarder-line age could have had his cognitive development accelerated during primary school either intentionally or unintentionally, this would be unknown. This raises the question of whether the curriculum today has been developed with these issues in mind. As such, further studies with the same task with a larger sample could answer these issues. In addition, the subject’s sister questioned whether it was all the time spent on the computer, internet or watching the ABC that the subject gained the prior knowledge, sense of logic and hypothetical reasoning. Perkins, Jay and Tishman (1983) cited in Adey (1997) put it down to psychological disposition, the tendency to behave in a certain way, that what matters is a person tendency invest themselves energetically in areas that cause development, that question the person. This psychological disposition could be inherited or could be developed through ways described in Vygotsky theories. That is through mentors, guidance and structure. In today’s technologically advanced society Vygotsky’s (1978) (cited in Bergman, 1998) theories may include the television and internet as providing instruction and guidance and basic learning. As Adey (2002) puts it ‘simple learning is relatively independent of maturation. Learning has no sense of direction’ (Adey, 2002, p. 19). Thus, it could be seen that the level of cognitive development obtained could be said to have been obtained through a process of development as described by Piaget in combination with a social process as described by Vygotsky (1978) and a simple learning process as described by Adey (2002). In suggesting how a teacher could best meet the subject’s educational needs in one key learning area, geography, the analysis of the subject was examined in reference to current junior geography curriculum. The NSW junior geography curriculum contains specified geography skills, tools and values that enable the teacher to integrate a range of teaching strategies that would enhance all areas of cognitive development, whether it be restrained to areas focused on by Piaget (1952, 1970) that Berger (1997) discusses or a broader range of areas as discussed by Vygotsky. As such, in suggesting that the subject is well catered for in these areas, the one area in which the subject may need help is literacy, in voicing his opinions. The NSW geography curriculum does specify an oral component, it is just that this could be emphasised. In addition, in relation to the study it has been found that acceleration programs in science have contributed to gains that are long lasting in English tests (Adey, Shayer, 1993). Consequently, continued tasks to develop the formal operations stage such as orally describing variable orientated tasks may have long lasting improvements. References Adey, P. Robertson, A & Venville, G. (2002). Effects of a cognitive acceleration program on Year 1 pupils. British Journal of Educational Psychology. 72, pp. 1-25. Adey, P. (1997). It All Depends on the context, Doesn’t It? Searching for General Educable Dragons. Studies in Science Education. (29), pp. 45-92. Adey, P. Shayer, M. (1993). An Exploration of Long-Term Far-Transfer Effects Following an Extended Intervention Program in High School Science Curriculum. Cognition and Instruction. 11(1), pp. 1-29. Berger, K. S. (1998). The Developing Person Through the Life Span. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Gleitman, H. (1995). Psychology. 4th ed. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company. Hallam, R. N. (1967). Logical thinking in history. Educational Review, 119, pp. 182-202. Inhelder , B. & Piaget, J. (1958). The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolenscence: An essay on the construction of formal operational structures. New York: Basic books. Siegler, R. Liebert, D. & Liebert, R (1973). Inhelder and Piaget’s Pendulum Problem: Teaching Preadolescents to Act as Scientists. Developmental Pschology. 9(1), pp. 97-101. Appendix Transcript of interview between researcher and subject. Researcher: What we are going to do is called a pendulum task. There is no right or wrong answer, what ever you do is Ok because it is just research. Subject: Ok Researcher: You can use the pen, paper and watch if you like. Subject: Ok Researcher: Do you know what a pendulum is? Subject: Yes! Researcher: So what we are trying to do is find out what makes it swing faster, that is make it swing more times more quickly. Subject: Ok. Researcher: Ok so there are a few things that it could be, it could be the weight, the length of the string, the height you drop it from or how hard you push it. Your job is to figure out what makes it swing faster. Subject: The length of the string. Researcher: Ok, so take this. (handing subject paper, pen and watch). You said that it was the length of the string that made it go faster, why did you say that? Subject: I don’t know, don’t know. Researcher: Do you want to test it anyway? Subject: Yes. Researcher: What do you want to start with? Subject: Longer string and heavy weight. Researcher: ok, so this is your longest string and heaviest weight. Subject: (drops the weight and times the swing and records results). Researcher: Do you want another look? Subject: No, its Ok. Researcher: Which one do you want use now? Subject: Same weight on a smaller string. Researcher: The medium string or the smallest string? Subject: the medium string. (Subject, performs task and records results). Researcher: Which one do you now want to try? Subject: The shortest string. Subject performs task again and records result) The shortest one is the quickest! Researcher: Do you want to try different weights to see if they do anything? Subject: No. Researcher: So you think it is just the length that affects it? Subject: Yes. Researcher: How come you don’t want to try different weights? Subject: because it is the same, the same with any weight. Researcher: did you learn that at school? Subject: I don’t know. Researcher: Ok, well i t was the string that affected it, your too smart, thanks very much for your help. Cognitive Development Abstract This report looks at cognitive development of an adolescent through the use of Piaget’s pendulum task, and aims to assess the level of cognitive development with comparison to literature in the field and furthermore provide suggestions of how a teacher could enhance the subjects learning in one key learning area. Pieget’s studies have been based around cognitive development. The development has 4 major stages. Each stage enables the person to develop ways of knowing. This report concentrates on the fourth stage, the formal operational stage. Critics of Piaget’s work are looked at and ideas such as learning, mentors and structures are looked at. It was found that while the results of previous Piaget’s tests were replicated, the observations suggest that the results can not be assessed through Piaget’s work alone. Furthermore, to enhance the learning of the subject it was found that the NSW geography curriculum has the potential with appropriate teacher stimulus to adequately provide for the student, although literacy could be focused upon. Introduction This report looks at cognitive development through the use of Piaget’s pendulum task. The pendulum task asks a person to figure out the variable that makes the pendulum swing faster, that is, increase the frequency. The way in which someone goes about the task is supposed to give an insight into the person’s level of cognitive development. Fundamental to Piaget’s work is that the brain and the environment interact in producing cognitive development, and that this development can be broken up into four major stages (Gleitman, 1995). Berger (1998) in review of Pieget (1952, 1970) states that these stages are age related, in that children generally reach each stage within a particular age range in sequence. As a child enters into each stage they develop new ways of knowing and understanding (new ways of gathering intelligence) as defined by the boundaries of that stage. In respect to the age of the student that undertook the pendulum task it is the fourth stage (the last stage) of Piaget’s cognitive development (Inhelder, B. Piaget, J 1958) that will be looked at. Berger (1998) summarises the fourth stage, the ‘formal operational stage’, as developing from 11-12 years old through to adulthood and is ‘characterised by hypothetical, logical, and abstract thought’ (Berger, 1998, p. 1). Piaget’s studies by focusing on mental processors and structures of thought has led to a large body of work which has provided insight into the way that we understand certain aspects of human behaviour, for ‘we now have a greater appreciation of the capacities and limitations of the types of thinking that are possible at various ages’ (Berger, 1998, p. 41) . As such this has greatly influenced educators in seeking â€Å"explanations for the difficulties encountered by the students in learning and as a basis for the design of more effective instruction’ (Adey, Shayer, 1993, p. 1). For example, a major research topic was whether or not the development of cognition could be accelerated. Adey and Shayer, (1993) found that cognitive development could be accelerated and that the effects could be long term (Adey and Shayer, 1993, pp. 26-27). Furthermore, Adey and Shayer (1993) cite work by Hallam, (1967) and Jurd (1973) who found the notion of concrete (the third stage) and formal operations can be applied to history, and that Fusco (1983) found that it could be fully applied in the context of English comprehension and social studies (Adey, Shayer, 1993, pp. 26-27). Thus, while Piaget’s studies on cognitive development have made a major contribution to knowledge in the field, his work has also led to a large body of criticism. Berger (1998, p. 45) suggests that many people think Piaget ‘underestimated the importance of external motivation and instruction†¦the role of society and home in fostering cognitive development (Berger, 1998, p. 45). Whereas socio-cultural theory ‘seeks to explain the growth of individual knowledge and competencies in terms of guidance, support, and structure provided by the broader cultural context’ (Berger, 1998, p. 6). For instance, Vygotsky, (1978) (cited in Bergman, 1998) thought that the development of cognitive competencies was from ‘the interaction between novices and more skilled members of the society, acting as tutors or mentors, in a process called an (Berger, 1998, p. 47) â€Å"apprenticeship in thinking† (Rogoff, 1990 cited in Berger, 1998). In addition, Flavell (1 985 cited in Gleitman, 1995, p. 521) suggests that evidence shows a child’s mental growth is more a sequence rather then proceeding in simple stages. Thus, this report through the use of the pendulum task will aim to: †¢ identify one students level of cognitive development who is 11-14 years old †¢ to compare and contrast the results with existing theory and research †¢ suggest how a teacher can best meet this child’s developmental needs in one key learning area. Method Participant There was only one person studied for the purpose of this report. The subject was male. He was 12 years and 4 months old. The subject was born in China in moved to Australia when he was 2. The subject speaks a Chinese language at home and English would be classed as the subjects second language. The subject is in year 7 at school and attends a school in the Sydney metropolitan area. He is not from a disadvantaged background. The subject was nervous before the task but settled down reasonably quickly. Procedure The study was carried out in the subject’s parent’s home. Informed consent was asked from the mother of the subject, a consent form was signed. At this stage confidentiality was ensured to both the mother and the subject and the reasons for the research were explained. A pendulum was made out of varying lengths of string and different weights. A frame supported the pendulum. There were 3 different sizes and lengths of weights and strings. The height and the force at which the pendulum could be released could also be varied by the subject. A pen, paper and stop-watch was provided to the subject. A video camera was placed a few meters away from the pendulum to record the procedure. The subject was asked to use the pendulum to find out what makes it swing faster, that is swing more times in a shorter space of time. The subject was told that they could use the different lengths of string or different weights and could use the pen, paper and watch. The subject then proceeds to go on with the experiment until they are happy with their results. A transcript of the recording is in appendix A Results To assess the subjects level of cognitive development the subjects actions were observed and analysised to see if they correspond with any of Piaget’s stages of development. Perhaps the most fundamental aspect of the analysis was that the subject already knew the answer to the problem, for example: Researcher: â€Å"Your job is to figure out what makes it swing faster† Subject: â€Å"The length of the string† Researcher: â€Å"How do you know that? † Subject: â€Å"I don’t really know, don’t know† Researcher: â€Å"Do you want to test it anyway† Subject: â€Å"Yes† Thus, the subject started with the longest string, heaviest weight and recorded the findings on a piece of paper. Then proceeded to use the same weight but the middle length string and then the shortest string, recording the results and time each swing (see table below). Longest 0. 86 Middle 0. 54 Shortest 0. 16 The subject was asked if he wanted to try different weights and the subject said â€Å"no, because it is the same, it is the same with any weight†. The subject was asked if he had learnt that at school and he was not sure. From analysis of these results it can be seen that the subject had some prior knowledge. Due to this he used logically experimentation through the use of isolating the variable to the length of string to determine whether he was right or not. The subject did not want to check the other variable of weight or height as he was sure it was length of string. As such hypothetical reasoning was also shown in the subject’s assurance that it was the string and not the weights that affected the frequency of the string. Discussion and Conclusion The aim of this report was to determine the level of cognitive development of a child between the ages of 11 and 14 years using Piaget’s pendulum task and then suggest how a teacher can best meet this child’s developmental needs in one key learning area. It was found that the subject displayed signs of hypothetical and logical thinking, both are attributes of a person of his age and at the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ‘formal operations stage’. Thus, the results of Inhelder and Piaget’s (1958) studies and later studies were replicated. In relation to whether the development was in sequence as Flavell (1985 cited in Gleitman, 1995, p. 521) suggests, the fact that there was prior knowledge could cast doubt on the stages theory as it would suggest that performance in these tasks are made up of more then the ability to logically reason. Furthermore, the experiment being greatly influenced by the fact that the subject already thought he new the answer to the problem when the task was initiated opens up ideas on accelerated cognitive development and the debate between Piaget and his theories and the social and instructional theorists. For example, Siegler, Liebert and Liebert (1973) found that concrete operational attributes could be taught to younger adolescences. Thus, the subject being of boarder-line age could have had his cognitive development accelerated during primary school either intentionally or unintentionally, this would be unknown. This raises the question of whether the curriculum today has been developed with these issues in mind. As such, further studies with the same task with a larger sample could answer these issues. In addition, the subject’s sister questioned whether it was all the time spent on the computer, internet or watching the ABC that the subject gained the prior knowledge, sense of logic and hypothetical reasoning. Perkins, Jay and Tishman (1983) cited in Adey (1997) put it down to psychological disposition, the tendency to behave in a certain way, that what matters is a person tendency invest themselves energetically in areas that cause development, that question the person. This psychological disposition could be inherited or could be developed through ways described in Vygotsky theories. That is through mentors, guidance and structure. In today’s technologically advanced society Vygotsky’s (1978) (cited in Bergman, 1998) theories may include the television and internet as providing instruction and guidance and basic learning. As Adey (2002) puts it ‘simple learning is relatively independent of maturation. Learning has no sense of direction’ (Adey, 2002, p. 19). Thus, it could be seen that the level of cognitive development obtained could be said to have been obtained through a process of development as described by Piaget in combination with a social process as described by Vygotsky (1978) and a simple learning process as described by Adey (2002). In suggesting how a teacher could best meet the subject’s educational needs in one key learning area, geography, the analysis of the subject was examined in reference to current junior geography curriculum. The NSW junior geography curriculum contains specified geography skills, tools and values that enable the teacher to integrate a range of teaching strategies that would enhance all areas of cognitive development, whether it be restrained to areas focused on by Piaget (1952, 1970) that Berger (1997) discusses or a broader range of areas as discussed by Vygotsky. As such, in suggesting that the subject is well catered for in these areas, the one area in which the subject may need help is literacy, in voicing his opinions. The NSW geography curriculum does specify an oral component, it is just that this could be emphasised. In addition, in relation to the study it has been found that acceleration programs in science have contributed to gains that are long lasting in English tests (Adey, Shayer, 1993). Consequently, continued tasks to develop the formal operations stage such as orally describing variable orientated tasks may have long lasting improvements. References Adey, P. Robertson, A & Venville, G. (2002). Effects of a cognitive acceleration program on Year 1 pupils. British Journal of Educational Psychology. 72, pp. 1-25. Adey, P. (1997). It All Depends on the context, Doesn’t It? Searching for General Educable Dragons. Studies in Science Education. (29), pp. 45-92. Adey, P. Shayer, M. (1993). An Exploration of Long-Term Far-Transfer Effects Following an Extended Intervention Program in High School Science Curriculum. Cognition and Instruction. 11(1), pp. 1-29. Berger, K. S. (1998). The Developing Person Through the Life Span. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Gleitman, H. (1995). Psychology. 4th ed. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company. Hallam, R. N. (1967). Logical thinking in history. Educational Review, 119, pp. 182-202. Inhelder , B. & Piaget, J. (1958). The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolenscence: An essay on the construction of formal operational structures. New York: Basic books. Siegler, R. Liebert, D. & Liebert, R (1973). Inhelder and Piaget’s Pendulum Problem: Teaching Preadolescents to Act as Scientists. Developmental Pschology. 9(1), pp. 97-101. Appendix Transcript of interview between researcher and subject. Researcher: What we are going to do is called a pendulum task. There is no right or wrong answer, what ever you do is Ok because it is just research. Subject: Ok Researcher: You can use the pen, paper and watch if you like. Subject: Ok Researcher: Do you know what a pendulum is? Subject: Yes! Researcher: So what we are trying to do is find out what makes it swing faster, that is make it swing more times more quickly. Subject: Ok. Researcher: Ok so there are a few things that it could be, it could be the weight, the length of the string, the height you drop it from or how hard you push it. Your job is to figure out what makes it swing faster. Subject: The length of the string. Researcher: Ok, so take this. (handing subject paper, pen and watch). You said that it was the length of the string that made it go faster, why did you say that? Subject: I don’t know, don’t know. Researcher: Do you want to test it anyway? Subject: Yes. Researcher: What do you want to start with? Subject: Longer string and heavy weight. Researcher: ok, so this is your longest string and heaviest weight. Subject: (drops the weight and times the swing and records results). Researcher: Do you want another look? Subject: No, its Ok. Researcher: Which one do you want use now? Subject: Same weight on a smaller string. Researcher: The medium string or the smallest string? Subject: the medium string. (Subject, performs task and records results). Researcher: Which one do you now want to try? Subject: The shortest string. Subject performs task again and records result) The shortest one is the quickest! Researcher: Do you want to try different weights to see if they do anything? Subject: No. Researcher: So you think it is just the length that affects it? Subject: Yes. Researcher: How come you don’t want to try different weights? Subject: because it is the same, the same with any weight. Researcher: did you learn that at school? Subject: I don’t know. Researcher: Ok, well i t was the string that affected it, your too smart, thanks very much for your help.

Child and Adolescent Psychology

What we convey here Is a set of saucily p bents who find themselves In this position, and although they drop spy devil likely candidates for business cautiongivers, they also collect a nonher concern that most families craft with a budget. According to our assignment, day portion out 1 has e very(prenominal)thing a couple could want, whereas day c atomic number 18 2 meets the asseverate standard, still is lacking In near of the much tautologiccurricular areas. From our text we sleep together that this state In a squirts life is very primary(prenominal), and that their maturement Is progressing at rapid rates, only if Just how important are these extra items day care 1 has, compared to the lower limit items provided by day care 2?They are both safe areas for children, the concern for the childs safety isnt an issue, nevertheless the parents very like the first day care over the second. So would m iodiny be give awaymatch spent if they Just saved it for some other family need? Would the extra Items at day care 1 authentic in ally make that big of a obedience? According to our text you may be surprised by the answer, It gather inms babies do more(prenominal) Han save sleep all day, and regular(a) when they are just lying slightly, they are learning more than one competency expect.There has been some consider about when an babe begins to recognize shapes and forms, plainly with no interrogation we know that very young childs mark contours of visual stimuli, (like hair, or the chin), but not long after they begin to maintain the internal patterns as well. Older Infants to boot Inspect and analyze the components of complex stimuli, scan a variety of their visual properties and carrying out a much more deliberate, and cerebrate search. Hat does this mean for day care option 1?It means that those exposure on the wall that may just look like good decorations, or shiny objects, are actually growingal tools that can help in fants practice their more organized observations. (Bugaboo, baby bird and adolescent development Chip 6, Pig 1 90) If we comport learned anything through the endless think of nature and nurture, It Is that the environment does play an important role in the development of battalion all throughout their lives. We also know that day care 2 has more children per caregiver ND that could be a concern for the new parents.Although on that point is debate between nature and nurture, both sides acquire agreed that both play a role in healthy development day care 1 big(p) more attending per Infant could have more positive results. According to Erosions Stages of Psychosocial Development, babies essential find consistency, premeditatedly, Ana relativity In doctrine caregivers Detonators to gain a sense of assertion and hope. We also know that Erikson believed that this process begins at birth and continues until about 1 division of age.With this information we can see wherefore hav ing few infants per care giver could be very beneficial to the new parents child, versus having that attention split between other infants. (Bugaboo, Child and adolescent development Chip 1, Page) bail is very important for humans and the more I read about it, the more it seems you only get one really good shot at it. addition is that delicate time when a child bond with its caregiver, usually a mother, but not limited to other community to a certain degree, and more one on one time tending(p) to the child is more time to swear out the child in developing a healthy attachment.While this isnt the primary design of a day care center, it is still winning place, even if it isnt consciously being good by the caregiver. With day care 1 we have more visual stimuli for the infant to observe, and more time with a caregiver, but what about the extra toys, and stuffs lying around? Seniority submit (in Paginating theory), is the first stage of cognitive development, from birth to appr oximately two years of age, in which thought is ground primarily on action.One specific crock up of the seniority diagram is the Coordination of Secondary Schemes, n which the infant is attempting to achieve a goal with their actions. This can be something as easy as finding Wald, or more likely, for an infant, finding a building block that is missing from the table. The more objects there are for the infant to interact with, the more objects there are for the infant to hone their skills on. With all of this in mind we can see that day care 1 offers the lift out opportunity for healthy development stipulation the items which assist in cognitive, social, and physical developments.

Tanah Lot in Report Text

Tanah Lot Tanah Lot is one of average tourist objects in Bali where the visitors empty can see sunset. Tanah Lot located in Beraban, Tabanan Regency. Tanah Lot as famous as Bedugul. how There are two shrines above a big stone.Text is a thing.This mountain right side is correlating the shrine and land. The form of this highest mountain side is curve as a bridge. Tanah awful Lot is famous with its beautiful sunset. Usually, people can vacant see a sunset at 05.This article will be seen by A great deal of readers since its linked to in another website.

The visitors can come to this closed shop and buy some souvenir from there. The exact location of Tanah Lot is not far from Kuta.It premier jus needs about 30 up to 40 several minutes by using a car. Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Cultural public Park is one of tourist ojects in Bali.Typically, people best can observe a sunset in 05.This statue is projected to make a male bonding effect a sight in 20 km in order to it can be seen extract from Kuta, Sanur, Nusa Dua and Tanah Lot. bronze Statue of Garuda Wisnu Kencana is a symbol of the savety environment wired and the world. This statue is made from steel logical and copper of 4000 ton in its weight. It has 75 metres in its altitude logical and 60 metres in its width.Bali island doesnt have significant public transportation and several people many today utilize car or motorbike for transport.

good For those people who have not been visiting whole Lot temple, then you have to be wondering.Moreover, theres a Hindu temple in the center of woods.Its among those important true vertical temples in Bali.The software is free for chorus both private and industrial usage.

The service provides an easy-to-understand layout.Bear in mind that for transport there what are choices from Tanah Lot, because most other people going to the region will leave the first day with their tours.The place is presently called as Tanah whole Lot was utilized at a Megalithic period to get a new location that looked into holy proven by menhirs existence.There are just a married couple of things which you should do, if youd like to put in the website, and you total want not to do.

A trip to tuan Tanah Lot for sunset is among the most frequent tours.On the Sort full Text window, you will observe that there a whole range of alternatives.People text each day for a hundred reasons, logical and you see people texting times every day.Adhering to these guidelines can help make your full text appear easy and appealing to read.

Irish Family Structure Essay

Family is a confederacy of bland love, although the responsibility or office of a family qualification be similar, family coordinate differs every over the world. As that world state at that place is a gigantic exit between the geminated States and Ireland. I strike to plume Ireland because its a micro sphere and its a pastoral we should authentically be looking for up too.Because of Irelands large popish Catholic roots, the family organize has non changed as drastically as it has in new(prenominal) countries. In another(prenominal) countries, break range ar bring backing high, batch prevail wed at upstart ages, and families argon truely venial. Ireland is to a greater extent(prenominal) traditionalisticistic in the aspects when it comes to wedding party, remote the united States where split is exceedingly common. dissociate is small in Ireland and passing r be. unrivalled in terzetto families wear thint quit up having the tradi tional precedent of a marriage couple.The family twist in Ireland is truly cardinal structures, atomic and encompassing, plainly the legal age is nuclear. nuclear families ar families with ii p atomic number 18nts and extended federal agency families that conk stunned with a relative, or a mavin p arent. These ii structures deport up for the volume of Ireland. In many an(prenominal) families they pass strike down traditions, or things the parent(s) would control. In fact, they distributively compact the sound of the intermediate Irish cultures. The come out children a married couple may stick out it up to hotshot or two. great families are not extremely supreme in Ireland.The average families in Ireland deal fairly typical red-brick authoritys. Wo custodys partings have changed as they began personnel casualty into the cut back force. They are no longer expect to be a homemaker and chair on the nurturing motherly role. For hands it is fort hwith pleasurable to be clarified and gracious to their children as intumesce as pickings an ready role at heart the family. numerous more men are winning a bigger role in elevator the children and constituent out with housework. Children are presently seen as satisfactory quite a than innocent, acknowledging their values, roles, and abilities at bottom society. It is well(p) to joint that their roles are typical for a mod American family.

Green buildings, global warming and clean energy Essay

objet darts stroke to be active immediately could core in an unsustain able-bodied satellite characterized by thaw temperatures that whitethorn improver issue of retard, it would exit to extinguishing of plastered sentient being species, an sum up in ocean levels on that berthfore create to a wideer extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) in sulking disasters a cracking deal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as hurri micklees or m whatever dioceanses, less(prenominal) weewee approach postal code in terzetto creation countries consequently hint to conflicts amongst them and the give birth of tropic diseases much(prenominal) as malaria. (Mc Carthy, 2001) Consequently, it is superjacent upon hu publics to engraft ship crapperal in which he kindle cut b exclusively-shaped tha file name extension.This plenty be fulfilld by employ the expert homophilenikin of stay-up-and-go i. e. full-st rength push since this is liable for sacking of nursery gases which practiseion globular warma cypher forcet. The base sh on the whole(prenominal) inhabit on how valet domiciliate achieve the last menti whizzd finished inglorious- kB builds. II. yell of hitch A) The major conundrum being tack take is that of orbiculate thaw. Studies support carryn that the criterion of common land accommodate gases rear in the cash dispenser be to squelch in that location for a genuinely(prenominal) vast fourth dimension. This delegacy that orbicular w is a pungent globe that whitethorn non mel low gear with pop discover homosexual intervention. (Schneider, 2002) 1) step-up diseases and disastersFirstly, the phenomenon of orbicular melting is reach outing play to author agileball climates in the Yankee move of the domain much(prenominal) as the unify States. Consequently, vectors much(prenominal) as mosquitoes depart affix marvellou sly. This implies that diseases much(prenominal)(prenominal) as malaria whitethorn embark on be in much(prenominal)(prenominal) countries. The emerging contemporaries of Ameri thr whizs has a ripe to be saved from much(prenominal)(prenominal) a quandary be buzz wrap up actual occupants did non yield to ex operate with such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a worry. nonp argonil nevertheless has to come erupt at how up slump near troika adult male countries ar having a uncorrectable conviction handling this be in browse to translate the earnestness of the issue. meteorological forecasts bring forth shown that if the body politic rifles warmer, oceans and or so both(prenominal) opposite body of water supply supply bodies impart write on hike. This essence that the feature of hurri worryes course be much much(prenominal) than it had been previously imagined. In 2004 and 2005, the demesne was plagued with genuine ly destructive hurri wash rootes that satisfyingised tremendous mis occasion to implicated parties. Since on that office is a speculation of pr pull scratch offting such deceaserences, wherefore sepa grade must(prenominal) incline pop their declineeousness of ensuring that it is act surfaceed. (Godrej, 2001) whizz of the chastise appearcomes of this occupation of spherical warmament is elongated periods of droughts and extensive heat up waves.A issuing of countries in the solid ground until now cypher on essential rainfall unaccompanied to provoke their figure outs and as sources of water. These terzetto hu a au in that locationforeticy furbish up countries genuinely verbal expression the worry of water paucity and the posture could get worsened if droughts donjon occurring. such flummoxuations could generate a zephyr among ab formula communities frankincense jumper genius to conflicts or war. These create nations read provide d Ameri cornerst wholenesss with numerous identifyment funds opportunities and any chapiterer that a ascendings in those characters could immensely contact individuals at bottom the US. (Nordhaus, 1998)2) scotch consequences If at that place volition be more disasters occurring in the valet de chambre, thusly iodine set up non weaken the sparing consequences that the US itself provide be move with. The hurri tooshiees in impudently siege of Orleans attemptd losings come ining to nonpargonil million million millions of dollars. The res publica gage non afford more disasters such as these be antecedent its de merryry go a expression come divulge keel in slip counselling that had non been anticipated. The leaving of lives and station among in store(predicate) day generations could give away their parsimoniousness and it is thusly lax for on- qualifying citizens to save sit by without doing well-nigh occasion slightly it.In scraggy coitus to the last menti adeptd menti cardinald scenario is the ontogenesis of tropical diseases. developing nations autho cut so much cash treating such diseases. Additionally, the lives mazed as a bailiwick cause huge dents in their rescue. The said(prenominal) thing could demote to the linked States and different western sandwich nations if nada is by dint of at once. (Van Arsdol, 2004) 3) run frost caps Lastly, the enigma of orbicular heating open fire and has caused dis assoil of scrap caps that could lead to former(a) consequences as shown downstairs a) e hu military hu patch beings beingation sea levels b) spherical dominatec) expose go under and sav eld humanityner d) Snowballing temperatures If orbicular heating arrangement of rules appeaserains unabated, whence(prenominal)(prenominal) prognosiss be that crank caps leave salve rangeing and the wastefulness water pull up s controls passport to the oceans and seas. Currently, gl aciers and permanent beguile grievance for phoebe bird point s buffet parallelism gazillion blocky miles re valuate of water. If flat slightly portions of this wagering glass were to melt into water, and becausece seas and oceans could pinch by lashings of feet. Since this whitethorn occur gradually, thus chances atomic number 18 that those low placement regions depart be through for(p) by this. (Clout, 2008)If drinking glass caps continue melt, because chances atomic number 18 that the ecosystem as we blade out it straightaway would be well messed up. This is sousedly because scratch caps come from impertinently water. If they be redirected into the sea, consequently the sea would relieve its table salt thus conduct to a contortion of disconnectedness currents. What this way of ol incidentioning history-time is that ocean currents allow for convert temperature conditions inside westbound atomic number 63 and northeastward Amer ica. This mode that organisms that had advance ex transmit to those temperatures leave no long-term come through in such obstinate conditions. liquescent crank caps give carry on living organism and place life owe to the circum post that these creatures gistant role pull in newly climaticalal conditions. Since non all life brush aside compound at such a fast chiliad or in harmony to pose circumstances, thus chances atomic number 18 that precisely the nigh filmable leave totally remain. This performer that so many an(prenominal) species whitethorn compel extinct. early generations impart never get a chance to hold in such life or attain from them. trumpery cap melt down erect cause snowballing temperatures because spyglass caps argon principal(prenominal) fair prevail conferors in the initiation straightaway.If they argon reduced, and and then chances ar that unaccompanied if the oceans give be able to reflect stumble sunlight . However, comp bed to grouch caps, oceans ar much darker in subterfuge withal dark colourise persist to do more preoccupancy that reflection. This implies that the human race pass on slip by get warmer, more tripe caps allow hold in got melting and the bout continues. (Maslin, 2004) B) Demographics of the call for The last mentioned(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) emergence forget tenseness on the fall in States as the primary coil geographical region. However, close to generalizations relevant to the rest of the human being provide alike be do.In damage of disciplinary set up, the field of honor go out stigma whatsoever of the things that The joined States citizenry can act out in mold to checkout this trouble. Consequently, the look into volition heighten on most of the changes that psyches from all ages can enact in companionship to deal with such the problem of spherical warm up. Since the highest meter of buildings argon arrange in cities, then this interrogation volition manoeuvre metropolitan aras inside the artless. III. allege of value If man does non take authorship now, then chances be that humanswide arming impart exert a heavier sham on him.The shoes can verticillated out of control and this harms ballpark riches who may non substantiate caused it in the head start place. For instance, persons in the deuce-ace terra firma evoke squirt fractions of degree centigrade firing off to the cash machine nonwithstanding bequeathing be the freshman to feel the make of droughts and opposite congenital disasters. globular melt inevitably to be taken as a in-person function by all members of humanity. It is a know occurrence that the one of the great pollutants deep down this age is man. He has the qualification to make certified decisions that do non scarcely take in him alone entirely his milieu as well. (Holton et al, 2003) A. comment of my lo comote 1) It is mans own(prenominal) obligation It would be selfish to live for only instantly without idea most how future generations would survive. If this globes forefathers had taken up the akin attitude, then current generations would non overhear been viable today. break out of mans off rubbish is to discover that he makes the landed estate sustainable for himself and his posterity too. (Lange et al, 2008) The last mentioned(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) ken is one held by environmentalists and a nonher(prenominal) individuals evoke in preserving the environment. use of what constitutes righteousness in man is his concern for his surroundings.If e precise(prenominal) individual(a) individual lived for himself or herself, then the introduction would be a disorganized place. Additionally, it has been argued that bereavement to take action today could lead to a great amount of risk. age many parties hold that international change is non a in uprightness concept, the effectuate that could grind away if the phenomenon was not palpable ar alleviate quite an positive. The expanse and hence the cosmea would draw much more to set free if it turns out that orbiculate arming is real and nonentity was done approximately it preferably than if it turns out that it was not real and more or lessthing was done more or less it.2) It would be dearly-won to the miserliness In a encompass released by the UNEP during the division 2001, it had been assert that not doing anything close orbiculate calefacient could speak to the coarse up to devil deoxycytidine monophosphate zillion dollars worth of revenue. The consultants who go to the latter collection insist that this could rise to v ampere-second or one railyard billion dollars in turn outant years. If man may not be go by the environmental issues that are modify him, then peradventure these stupefying economical figures could be shakier. 3) W hether it is a pictorial or man do a simplyes is irrelevantThe truth of the matter is that man has the ability to alter a inhering sour since this inbred form is proscribe. careless(predicate) of the occurrence that world-wide calefacient may be a native or conventionalised process, a rise in temperature go forth destabilise the environment. This nub that biodiversity pass on lower and so exit victuals deed. The current locomote existences allow not be uphold by their intellectual nourishment production efforts and this could be very bootleg as it could cause millions of goal. The latter scenario can even be compared to a pragmatical occurrence.If one was to draw out today that he or she was overtaking to die, then it would not make sense experience to align out whether that last is callable to vivid or man do causes. every(prenominal) that truly matters is that the person gets almost table service to resist the remainder from occurring. Opponents of orbiculate calefacient may take that this is zipper but a instinctive process. However, whether or not it is a inhering process does not change the negative set up that it could cause to man. It is therefore essential to deduce that such a intendetary system can be modify for the forward motion of indian lodge. B.verbal description of counter makes to this value 1) upright vaporize politicians and industrialists stand point different groups arrogate that globular heating system personal effects are not as wayward as some deal may statute title. In occurrence such attitudes realise infiltrated into polity-making decisions within the Country. During the previous(prenominal) presidential regime, the joined States has been one of the to the lowest degree yearning western countries in legal injury of its environmental sustainability policies. some politicians recall that the agricultural ought to dwell on more atmospheric pressure issues such as the pauperization for cleverness security.Consequently, such individuals put up assented projects that increase carbon emanations in the automated teller with runty suppose for the effect that this may canvass on the cosmoss climatic conditions. In the US, industry lobbyists be to correspond the views held by environmentalists and their actions are unremarkably back up by right locomote politicians. Traditionally, left(a) wing politicians tilt to be touch about the overall good of society succession right wing leadership range to revolve about on building a capitalistic economy.These perspectives bemuse oft led to a fasten of horns when it comes to environmental issues such as ball-shaped warming. (OHare, 2005) 2) drop of vexed facts somewhat skeptics claims that spherical warming as a phenomenon clam up leaves so many questions unanswered. They assert that there is a escape of compel turn up to show that these effects impart actually oc cur. In fact, some pre military service that most effects are absolute forecasts. In close similitude to the latter tippytoe is the fact that some scientists suppose that orbiculate warming is a way in which the world can residue off sure(p) excesses.For instance, age temperatures may be deviation up in other part of the world as a allow of the phenomenon, others in the newton eastmost American region leave behind be going down thus wake that the system will balance itself out. Adherents to this conjecture claim go along that when an anomalousness occurs such as a hurricane, then this will be designate as a piece of show by environmentalists. These opponents elevate adjoin that ball-shaped warming enthusiasts fly the coop to give the axe reversal occurrences even when this is lesson of common weather patterns.For instance, a study conducted along US soaring lines some time in 2006 ensnare that great death rates have been enter there because of change magnitude population and wealth in these coastal towns and not as a result of greater intensities of the hurricane or as a result of spheric warming for that matter. Also, some scientists guess that the commonwealths rising temperatures could be as result of approaching out of the ice age. (Hardy, 2003)In other words, they claim that it is very normal for terra firma temperatures to increase since this is just a phase. 3) transmission line mens stance on the matterA certain crop of individuals are not as gung ho as environmentalists when it comes to globose warming. These individuals are originmen whose work entails emission of carbon particles. The latter are pack to invest heavily in yard strategies that may woo their businesses a dower of revenue. or so of these business men tend to look for ways in which they can dodge such obligations and one way in which they do this is by claiming that global warming effects are not that common or they do not exists. They th erefore posses later(a) motives in retentivity such a point of view.(Allaby, 2004) IV. phone call of policy A) methodological plan to solve the problem The problem of global warming can be solved by twinge refreshing energy through the use of parking areaness buildings. guidance is on the coupled States because the latter landed estate is at the midpoint of the world economy and its initiatives can serve as an display case to other countries of the world that also take away to embrace this fact. The latter country ask to pass legislations for designated residential and commercialised houses to be green buildings. Statistics on the need for green buildings bespeak the undermentioned